[13], In the late 1930s the Duke Ellington Orchestra and the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra were exposing the music world to harmonically sophisticated musical arrangements by Billy Strayhorn and Sy Oliver, respectively, which implied chords as much as they spelled them out. This became the blueprint for West Coast cool jazz, which would be popular in the 50s. Later Afro-Cuban styled recordings for Bluebird in collaboration with Cuban rumberos Chano Pozo and Sabu Martinez, and arrangers Gil Fuller and George Russell (Manteca, Cubana Be, Cubana Bop, Guarache Guaro) would be among his most popular, giving rise to the Latin dance music craze of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The movement originated during the early 1940s in the playing of trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, guitarist Charlie Christian, pianist Thelonious Monk, drummer Kenny Clarke, and the most richly endowed of all, alto saxophonist Charlie Bird Parker. It was 1942, and the 22-year-old alto saxophonist from Kansas City, then playing in pianist Jay McShanns band, was blowing his horn in a way that had never been heard or seen before. Blues, Dream of You, Seventh Avenue, Sorta Kinda, Ooh Ooh, My My, Ooh Ooh). Required fields are marked *. Accompaniment rhythms were more varied in bop. Hard bop became the most popular form of jazz in the 50s, and among its main practitioners were Miles Davis who, ever the restless soul, quit the cool school soon after it started Clifford Brown, Sonny Rollins, Charles Mingus, Hank Mobley, Horace Silver, Art Blakey & The Jazz Messengers, Sony Stitt, John Coltrane, Art Pepper, Wes Montgomery, Kenny Dorham, Sony Stitt, and myriad others. Parker, Gillespie, and others working the bebop idiom joined the Earl Hines Orchestra in 1943, then followed vocalist Billy Eckstine out of the band into the Billy Eckstine Orchestra in 1944. Bebop chord voicings often dispensed with the root and fifth tones, instead basing them on the leading intervals that defined the tonality of the chord. While swing music tended to feature orchestrated big band arrangements, bebop music highlighted improvisation. On February 16, 1944, Coleman Hawkins led a session including Dizzy Gillespie and Don Byas, with a rhythm section consisting of Clyde Hart (piano), Oscar Pettiford (bass) and Max Roach (drums) that recorded "Woody'n You" (Apollo 751), the first formal recording of bebop. What's the difference between swing and bebop? Swing is often characterized by simpler chord progressions and simpler melodies. "[10] Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop, bringing about three main developments: Some of the harmonic innovations in bebop appear similar to innovations in Western "serious" music, from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg, although bebop has few direct borrowings from classical music and appears to largely revive tonal-harmonic ideas taken from the blues in a basically non-Western approach rooted in African traditions. We wouldn't call it anything, really, just music. Cool Jazz was at the forefront of jazz and went through its most concentrated growth and development from 1949 19551. By 1946 bebop was established as a broad-based movement among New York jazz musicians, including trumpeters Fats Navarro and Kenny Dorham, trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, alto saxophonist Sonny Stitt, tenor saxophonist James Moody, baritone saxophonists Leo Parker and Serge Chaloff, vibraphonist Milt Jackson, pianists Erroll Garner and Al Haig, bassist Slam Stewart, and others who would contribute to what would become known as "modern jazz". Tempos are often much faster (although the Bebop style can be played at any tempo). Swing is a style within the genre of music called jazz. After bebop, what category of music did jazz fall under? The new music was gaining radio exposure with broadcasts such as those hosted by "Symphony Sid" Torin. It was first noticed in the 1940s and 1950s when musicians like Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and The lonious Monk made their mark. Sometimes they were entirely original, spontaneous melodies from start to finish. How is bebop different from swing quizlet? Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website! ", One young admirer of the Basie orchestra in Kansas City was a teenage alto saxophone player named Charlie Parker. Is Lullaby of Birdland swing or Be-bop? So many good points, and so many "and yets". Swing became popular in the 30's and continued till the end of WW II. After appearing as a sideman in the R&B-oriented Cootie Williams Orchestra through 1944, Bud Powell was in bebop sessions led by Frankie Socolow on May 2, 1945 for the Duke label (The Man I Love, Reverse the Charges, Blue Fantasy, September in the Rain), then Dexter Gordon on January 29, 1946 for the Savoy label (Long Tall Dexter, Dexter Rides Again, I Can't Escape From You, Dexter Digs In). A typical Bebop combo is comprised of two horns (e.g., trumpet and saxophone) and rhythm section (piano, bass, and drums). An early bebop drummer who played the house drums at Monroe's when that club served as a proving ground for the emerging style of bebop. This article should be commended. It's an acquired taste."-J. used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands. Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Kubik, Gerhard. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The drums play a swing beat, with the kick drum playing a lot of 'four on the floor', and no dropping 'bombs' with the kick and snare. "Free jazz is the vegemite of the musical world. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAKOt4G7kLg&list=OLAK5uy_k7M-0PcT5vtPSusxNDlUYOkkVOJEwZ5vM&index=3, Another good blues!! His playing was unlike anyone elses, and was, indeed, the beginning of BeBop. Whereas bebop was "hot," i.e., loud, exciting, and loose, cool jazz was "cool," i.e., soft, more reserved, and controlled. Bass drum accents were colloquially termed "bombs", which referenced events in the world outside of New York as the new music was being developed. of prior generations to television featuring shows about simple suburban life (e.g., Leave It To Beaver). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [citation needed], Bud Powell was pushing forward with a rhythmically streamlined, harmonically sophisticated, virtuosic piano style and Thelonious Monk was adapting the new harmonic ideas to his style that was rooted in Harlem stride piano playing. The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone, trumpet, double bass, drums and piano. As it wasnt danceable it was usually played too fast for that those who had enjoyed swing jazz found it of little interest and too intellectual. Points Awarded: 1/1. Swing Era big band jazz had been popular. The overall effect was that his solos were something floating above the rest of the music, rather than something springing from it at intervals suggested by the ensemble sound. This change increased the importance of the string bass. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa99q-vq4bI&list=OLAK5uy_k7M-0PcT5vtPSusxNDlUYOkkVOJEwZ5vM&index=10, HUNGARIAN GYPSY BLUES!! The early 1950s also saw some smoothing in Charlie Parker's style. Complex and diverse chord progressions and rhythmic rhythms. He would frequently repeat simple two or three note figures, with shifting rhythmic accents expressed by volume, articulation, or tone. He performed on such notable recordings as "Koko" and "Klactovestedstene." Max Roach. Who were the well known musicians of Bebop? There is more solo improv and the tempo is quicker. Faster, More Improve, Listening raher that dancing, Small rather than big band. Whereas bebop bands were usually a quartet or quintet and were comprised of saxophone and/or trumpet and rhythm section, cool jazz groups had a wider variety of size and instrumentation. Thus the harmonic territory open to the jazz soloist was vastly increased. Hawkins led another bebop-influenced recording session on October 19, 1944, this time with Thelonious Monk on piano, Edward Robinson on bass, and Denzil Best on drums (On the Bean, Recollections, Flyin' Hawk, Driftin' on a Reed; reissue, Prestige PRCD-24124-2). Classical music rather than American popular music, False - less visual appeal, scarcity of singers, more complicated and unpredictable, long solos made difficult to follow. However, it is usually much faster than the jazz music you have heard before. Some jazz musicians also married bebop with classical music, among them The Modern Jazz Quartet, whose elegant, chamber jazz style was dubbed Third Stream Music. [3] It appears again in a 1936 recording of "I'se a Muggin'" by Jack Teagarden. Late bop also moved towards extended forms that represented a departure from pop and show compositions. In 1944 the crew of innovators was joined by Dexter Gordon, a tenor saxophone player from the west coast in New York with the Louis Armstrong band, and a young trumpet player attending the Juilliard School of Music, Miles Davis.[16]. Swing incorporated more rhythm to make jazz a dancing style of music. The session recorded I Can't Get Started, Good Bait, Be-bop (Dizzy's Fingers), and Salt Peanuts (which Manor wrongly named "Salted Peanuts"). Bebop style also influenced the Beat Generation whose spoken-word style drew on African-American "jive" dialog, jazz rhythms, and whose poets often employed jazz musicians to accompany them. Bop improvisers built upon the phrasing ideas first brought to attention by Lester Young's soloing style. Good points. a polychord. Of course there are other differences. [citation needed], The brilliant technique and harmonic sophistication of pianist Art Tatum inspired young musicians including Charlie Parker and Bud Powell. Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, extended chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, and intricate melodies. Good question.. as a lot of people have noted, sometimes the lines are blurred. is "Now's the time" be-bop, or just blues? Chords were often altered from their standard forms as notes were removed and added, creating dissonances which sounded strange to the audiences of the time. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. [citation needed]. Which of the following is an example of scat? Sir Charles Thompson's all-star session of September 4, 1945 for the Apollo label (Takin' Off, If I Had You, Twentieth Century Blues, The Street Beat) featured Parker and Gordon. Yes The First Bebop musicains created what? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Classical instruments such as flute, French horn, tuba, and vibraphone (vibes) were often found in cool jazz groups. We're going to take you step-by-step through history, covering all these areas: Early Jazz Big Band & Swing Music Bebop Gypsy Jazz Hard Bop Cool Jazz Modal Jazz Latin Jazz Free Jazz Fusion Modern Jazz Jazz was no longer carefree, happy-faced, radio-friendly music functioning as an escapist soundtrack, but had become something deeper and almost visceral. Blowing the Blues Away featured a tenor saxophone duel between Gordon and Ammons. Miles Davis, at 22, was already bored by bop and wanted to try his hand at something else. shout chorus. Kubik states: "Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in [Parker's] life, reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system, a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories. By 1945, the use of "bebop"/"rebop" as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, for instance Lionel Hampton's "Hey! Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Jam sessions can be held anywhere (e.g., someones house, a bar, nightclub, etc.). Parker was again active in Los Angeles in early 1947. Bebop was complex and un-danceable, and therefore unpopular. [7] At times, the terms "bebop" and "rebop" were used interchangeably. [10] However, bebop probably drew on many sources. "Jimmy & Jamey Discuss Charlie Parker". On the other hand, swing tends to have simple rhythm and melodies, which usually repeat themselves over a long period of time. How is Bebop Different from Swing? What are 5 of the most significant characteristics of the bebop style? Gordon led his first session for the Savoy label on October 30, 1945, with Sadik Hakim (Argonne Thornton) on piano, Gene Ramey on bass, and Eddie Nicholson on drums (Blow Mr Dexter, Dexter's Deck, Dexter's Cuttin' Out, Dexter's Minor Mad). As musicians and composers began to work with expanded music theory during the mid-1950s, its adaptation by musicians who worked it into the basic dynamic approach of bebop would lead to the development of post-bop. World War II brought an end to the heyday of swing and saw the beginnings of bebop. The reestablishment of the blues as the music's primary organizing and functional principle. Swing became popular with big bands during the late 1930s and 1940s but did not become an essential element of jazz until the 1950s. Bebop is a style of jazz that developed in the 1940s and is characterized by improvisation, fast tempos, rhythmic unpredictability, and harmonic complexity. During the early 1950s bebop remained at the top of awareness of jazz, while its harmonic devices were adapted to the new "cool" school of jazz led by Miles Davis and others. While many aspects of swing were imported, such as the triplet-basedswingfeel and a proclivity for theblues, bebop musicians played tunes at much faster tempos. Less popular than swing. Bebop is far more musically complex than its Big Band Swing forbearer. That of course slighted the contributions of others with whom he had developed the music over the preceding years. After many labor strikes, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, mandating a cooling off period in labor disputes. In his early days in New York, Parker held a job washing dishes at an establishment where Tatum had a regular gig. polytonality. [15], As the 1930s turned to the 1940s, Parker went to New York as a featured player in the Jay McShann Orchestra. Miles put together an ensemble that was larger than the customary bebop small group and made music that was less aggressive than what Parker and Gillespie were doing. Two of the most important Bebop musicians were: Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker - Hot House, JJ Johnson, Howard McGee, and Sonny Stitt - Now's the Time. Parker and Thompson remained in Los Angeles after the rest of the band left, performing and recording together for six months before Parker suffered an addiction-related breakdown in July. It did not attract the attention of major record labels nor was it intended to. Some of the most influential bebop artists, who were typically composer-performers, are alto sax player Charlie Parker; tenor sax players Dexter Gordon, Sonny Rollins, and James Moody; clarinet player Buddy DeFranco; trumpeters Fats Navarro, Clifford Brown, Miles Davis, and Dizzy Gillespie; pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk; electric guitarist Charlie Christian; and drummers Kenny Clarke, Max Roach, and Art Blakey. Bebop groups used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role. 1 in 1993. Question 8: The bebop style differed from swing in that: Type: Multiple Choice. 36 (Summer, 1988), pp. Bebop jazzs most important style? Instead of using jagged phrasing to create rhythmic interest, as the early boppers had, these musicians constructed their improvised lines out of long strings of eighth notes and simply accented certain notes in the line to create rhythmic variety. It was common for bebop musicians to compose new, complex melodies over well-known chord progressions. He was especially enthralled by their tenor saxophone player Lester Young, who played long flowing melodic lines that wove in and out of the chordal structure of the composition but somehow always made musical sense. Some believe that swing is a mixture of bebop and blues music. It was also a highly lyrical genre, with complex harmonies and melodies. It is important to learn the difference so that you can identify and appreciate each one in its own right. 2) THE WEST WING: The theme song at the END of an episode!! A lean, edgy tone; the use of blues inflections; frequent double-time sixteenth-note runs; many recognizable bebop-style licks; the use of scale-chord relationships resulting fro extended harmonies; disjointed, irregularly accented melodic lines. His show style, influenced by black vaudeville circuit entertainers, seemed like a throwback to some and offended some purists ("too much grinning" according to Miles Davis), but it was laced with a subversive sense of humor that gave a glimpse of attitudes on racial matters that black musicians had previously kept away from the public at large. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The bebop subculture, defined as a non-conformist group expressing its values through musical communion, would echo in the attitude of the psychedelia-era hippies of the 1960s. How does bebop differ from swing style (stylistic wise)? It became a major influence until the late 1960s when free jazz and fusion jazz gained ascendancy. With a focus on improvisation, bebop allowed for an explosion of innovation. [14], One of the divergent trends of the swing era was a resurgence of small ensembles playing "head" arrangements, following the approach used with Basie's big band. A recording ban by the US musicians union between 1942 and 1944 (they were striking to get a better royalty rate from the recording companies) meant that the birth pangs of bebop were initially not well documented on record, but when the ban was lifted, the floodgates opened. Bebop, because of its intensity and complexity, did not have the mass appeal of the Swing (Big Band) Era. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. A later style, known as hard bop, or funky, evolved from and incorporated elements of gospel music and rhythm and blues. An insightful YouTube video with Jimmy Raney, a jazz guitarist who played with Charlie Parker, describes how Parker would listen to the music of Bla Bartk, a leading 20th century classical composer. [3] Thelonious Monk claims that the original title "Bip Bop" for his composition "52nd Street Theme", was the origin of the name bebop. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo (usually exceeding 200 bpm), complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references . a chord in which the tones are a fourth apart, instead of a third. Through swing era musicians that paved the way. Welcome to this Jazzfuel guide to some of the main types of jazz and the styles and sub-genres within this music. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo (usually exceeding 200 bpm), complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references to the melody. Swing's pulsing energy and dynamism exemplified American modernity, while its spirit of egalitarian inclusivenessits vision of the United States as both pluralistic and unifiedpresented an idealized model of American democracy-in-action and a symbol of wartime national consensus. Gillespie recorded his first session as a leader on January 9, 1945, for the Manor label, with Don Byas on tenor, Trummy Young on trombone, Clyde Hart on Piano, Oscar Pettiford on bass, and Irv Kluger on drums. The Big Apple certainly didnt know what hit it when Charlie Parker blew into town like a tornado and shook the jazz scene to its very core. Then there are the tempo, harmonic, and rhythmic differences. In bebop, rhythm section players were no longer simply time-keepers, but interacted with the soloist and added their own embellishments. bitonality. Miles Davis was an innovator in many styles of jazz, not just cool; he played bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and fusion (more on this later). [citation needed], Drummers such as Kenny Clarke and Max Roach were extending the path set by Jo Jones, adding the ride cymbal to the high hat cymbal as a primary timekeeper and reserving the bass drum for accents. Bebop melodies are more intricate and difficult to play than swing melodies. No,I dont agree with everything in the article, but it sure seems like a great starting place. Formal recording of bebop was first performed for small specialty labels, who were less concerned with mass-market appeal than the major labels, in 1944. NO ALBUM BUT you can get THE CHRIS NOWAK PROJECT on YOUTUBE!!! : Parker played along with the new Basie recordings on a Victrola until he could play Young's solos note for note. I always think Bop is more chromatic than Swing. By nature of being in a smaller ensemble, bebop shifted the musical focus from intricate band arrangements to improvisation and interaction. Gillespie's "Rebop Six" (with Parker on alto, Lucky Thompson on tenor, Al Haig on piano, Milt Jackson on vibes, Ray Brown on bass, and Stan Levey on drums) started an engagement in Los Angeles in December 1945. Nobody had ever played in such a way. But bebop or rebop, as it was also known for a time wasnt to everyones taste. Development of jazz would occur through the interplay of bebop, cool, post-bop, and hard bop styles through the 1950s. Bebop was developed in the mid to late 1930s and reached its peak during the 1940s and early 1950s. In bebop, though, the rhythmic emphasis was switched from the bass drum to the more subtle hi-hat and ride cymbal, which allowed greater rhythmic fluidity (drummers Kenny Clarke and Max Roach were the chief instigators of this new approach). Bassist Ron Carter collaborated with A Tribe Called Quest on 1991's The Low End Theory, and vibraphonist Roy Ayers and trumpeter Donald Byrd were featured on Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. No, I dont dig. How is Bebop Different from Swing? Swing developed as a reaction to bebop and was characterized by more relaxed tempos and simpler chord progressions. Parker and Gillespie recorded together; separately; and with singer Billy Eckstines Orchestra, which helped incubate bebop in the mid-40s. Arriba!" 1. "The Silent Theme Tradition in Jazz". More emphasis was put on virtuosity. Americas top choice of entertainment had cooled down from the nightclubs, dance halls, amusement parks, vaudeville, etc. Musicians the likes of Parker and Gillespie considered themselves artists rather than entertainers, and sought to distance themselves from black musics showbiz traditions. The musical devices developed with bebop were influential far beyond the bebop movement itself. and more. Thus, the majority of a piece in bebop style would be improvisation, the only threads holding the work together being the underlying harmonies played by the rhythm section. BeBop was the conclusion of something, everything that followed was something else. It was 1942, and the 22-year-old alto . UNION DUES BLUES!!! The African Matrix in Jazz Harmonic Practices." It was first noticed in the 1930s and 1940s during the Harlem Renaissance and swing eras. In what situations should a cost-benefit analysis be used? Bebop differs from swing in that it is more difficult, erratic, and unpredictable. Charlie Parker and Clyde Hart were recorded in a quintet led by guitarist Tiny Grimes for the Savoy label on September 15, 1944 (Tiny's Tempo, I'll Always Love You Just the Same, Romance Without Finance, Red Cross). This practice was already well-established in earlier jazz, but came to be central to the bebop style. HEY FOLKS: Bebop requires musical virtuosity and artistry to play it. In New York he found other musicians who were exploring the harmonic and melodic limits of their music, including Dizzy Gillespie, a Roy Eldridge-influenced trumpet player who, like Parker, was exploring ideas based on upper chord intervals, beyond the seventh chords that had traditionally defined jazz harmony. Heres the story. Too much baggage being quickly piled on a simple question. Bebop is a style of jazz that developed in the 1940s and is characterized by improvisation, fast tempos, rhythmic unpredictability, and harmonic complexity. Bebop musicians employed several harmonic devices not typical of previous jazz. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction. Instead, bebop appeared to sound racing, nervous, erratic and often fragmented. Stylistic aspect. By 1950, bebop musicians such as Clifford Brown and Sonny Stitt began to smooth out the rhythmic eccentricities of early bebop. This meant that soloists really had to be sharp-witted, well-prepared, and know their scales inside out, especially when the chord changes came thick and fast (as was the norm with bebop). 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Ba-Ba-Re-Bop". Parker and Gillespie were sidemen with Sarah Vaughan on May 25, 1945, for the Continental label (What More Can a Woman Do, I'd Rather Have a Memory Than a Dream, Mean to Me). Post World War II, American attitudes were shifting due to both a newfound affluence in the 1950s and a growing uncertainty of the future; cool jazz reflected (and contributed to) a subdued emotion and quiet intellectual control that had become valued in American society. The Big Apple certainly didn't know what hit it when Charlie Parker blew into town like a tornado and shook the jazz scene to its very core. This article was most recently revised and updated by, bop, or bebop - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Who pioneered classical ragtime music quizlet? It's one of. The word is an onomatopoeic rendering of a staccato two-tone phrase distinctive in this type of music. Bebop differed drastically from the straightforward compositions of the swing era and was instead characterized by fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, intricate melodies, and rhythm sections that expanded on their role as tempo-keepers. ____________________________________________________. Parker appeared in Gillespie-led sessions dated February 28 (Groovin' High, All the Things You Are, Dizzy Atmosphere) and May 11, 1945 (Salt Peanuts, Shaw 'Nuff, Lover Man, Hothouse) for the Guild label. Bebop has been around for a long time, and there are many musicians who consider it as one of the most influential types of jazz music. The drum styles used less "four on the floor" and kept time more on the ride cymbal. It proved to be a profoundly influential recording for aspiring saxophonists. I do like it. Hawkins would eventually go on to lead the first formal recording of the bebop style in early 1944. The word is an onomatopoeic rendering of a staccato two-tone phrase distinctive in this type of music. As a result, bebop bands were reduced to smaller combos against the big band swing music bands. The intellectual subculture that surrounded bebop made it something of a sociological movement as well as a musical one. Whereas earlier jazz was essentially diatonic (i.e., basing melodies and harmonies on traditional Western major and minor 7-note scales comprising 5 whole and 2 half steps), much of the thinking that informed the new movement was chromatic (drawing on all 12 notes of the chromatic scale). michael mcnamara obituary,