How will Janet retrieve the book? The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ______ problem. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before th, Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:a. restructuring, searching, and simulating.b. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Quiz 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/quiz-12-2532023","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. All of the exams use these questions; Ch1 - Focus on Nursing Pharmacology 6e Instructor Test Bank; IS2080C - Lab4 Excel . /F2 4 0 R the best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine: what info. warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _____ prior to the solution of an insight problem & ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight one. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. intermediate states. >> Intermediate states can be created bya. endobj b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. search. means-end analysisb. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving reorganization or restructuring. Acrobats must be of equal weightd. d. tendency to detect when others are cheating. This problem demonstrates mental set, which is a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem, all the possible states before a problem is solved, how people represent a problem in their mind, solving a problem involves reorganization or restructuring. /Subtype /Type1 << How will Janet retrieve the book? blankb. a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known asa. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem . Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? radiationd. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? spend less time analyzing problemsb. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. structural features.d. participants in the _____ group had the fastest response time. object with a specific function. a person is attending to while solving a problem. 37. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. The students were very creative. /BaseFont /Courier-Bold The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. /BaseFont /Courier-BoldOblique representation and restructuring.b. present multiple sample de, Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. 14 0 obj /Subtype /Type1 familiar object.c. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem bc: ill-defined problems are so named bc it is difficult to specify ______ for the problems. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. << insightc. Therefore, the two problems have very different Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. << Tower of Hanoi problemb. functional fixednessb. /Type /Font Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. The purpose of this experiment was to, Ann takes the street to the south when heading southbound to work, but that street is closed for repairs. ] /Differences [ 128/.notdef/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/emdash/bullet/.notdef Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. b) Measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems >> endobj lightbulbb. << the role of insight in creativity.c. Developing schemas for each i, Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.a. The purpose of the experiment was to; a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. event-specific knowledge. /Type /Font >> Which of the following is a barrier or obstacle to solving problems. The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. insight.b. Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. I am a creative type of person. Please select the correct language below. the problem space. think-aloud p, The text's discussion of the research on in-vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.a. realization of the solution is sudden. The title for chapter eight was Analogizing which is commonly misinterpreted as similarities between objects or concepts. c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. The typical purpose of subgoals is toa. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. << sourced. 11 0 obj versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. /Type /Font /BaseFont /Helvetica The radiation problem, In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.a. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. d. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. This particular discussion suggests that _______ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." does NOT have a clear identifiable solution, frequently occur in everyday life. - insight problem solvers are not aware of how close they are to the solution. b. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. << /Name /F1 We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. c. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The best description of the purpose of thing-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine What information a person is attending to while solving a problem. operators.c. ill-definedb. The purpose of this experiment was to 27. /Pages 2 0 R Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. rise suddenly just; gradually r. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)a. novel object.b. Newell & Simon, early computer program designers for problem solving. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. You have created 2 folders. a preconceived notion about how to do something, This problem involves the use of equations and, starting at problem 8, doesn't require the typical equation. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. In analogical problem solving, the ______ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. The purpose of the experiment was to; demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.d. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? c. Mutilated checkerboard problem, The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) _______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: The typical purpose of subgoals is to ___, bring the problem solver closer to the goal state, The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine, what information a person is attending to while solving a problem, using the solution of one problem in order to solve another problem is called, The solution to the Russian Marriage problem can be applied to solving the _____ problem, Dunker's radiation problem involved the destruction of a, The restructured radiation problem is solved by dividing the _____ into many, When solving analogous source problems, most people don't make the connection between the _______ story and the target problem, Analogical problem solving requires people to __________ a relationship between a source story and a target story, Correspondence between a source sorry and a target story is called, The underlying principle that governs the solution process of analogical transfer is called, People can discover the similar structural features between two problems using a learned technique called. c. It is the cornerstone of creativity. using a juice glass as a container for OJ. intermediate states.b. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. low-pressureb. May 2013. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. 18 0 obj Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify, c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another, d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem, The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. source story. warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _____ prior to the solution of an insight problem & ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight one. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. d. It has a single correct answer. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.a. Participants are given a chair and pliers. Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. surface features.b. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. In analogical problem solving, the_____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. as a matter of cognition). Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Give Me Liberty! Once they created an object they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. how analogies can be used to solve problems.b. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. /Subtype /Type1 Amber takes the street to the north during that time. This particular discussion suggests that____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking. Amber take. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem.a. /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] She decides to use the breaks in between her classes to read and take notes from 15 pages at a time to make the task seem more manageable. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. /BaseFont /Times-Italic d. degree of risk aversion one has. warmth Insight- remain low until just before the problem is solved, Successful problem-solving is a result of, restructuring the representation of the problem, focus on specific characteristics of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions, functional fixedness hinders problem solving. knottedd. 21 0 obj You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. /agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that. To solve this problem, participants needed to tie the pliers to one of the strings to create a . b. had received training in creative thinking. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time.a. /dieresis/.notdef/ring/cedilla/.notdef/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron Divergent thinking is defined as an idea generating process wherein an i Divergent thinking, exploring many solutions in a creative way, was used in the classroom. asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. PFC activation was. warmth judgments.d. One of the main points states an an Carroll (1993), for example, viewed divergent thinking tasks as markers of an FO (Originality/Creativity) factor. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. << This is an example of. The purpose of the experiment was to; Answer show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.d. b. gradually rise; rise suddenly just, c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise, d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably, 6. When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers). /F12 14 0 R Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. endobj My brain is best Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight. Describe some strategies that help you solve problems and make decisions based on your reading assignment. It has a large number of potential solutions. than about differences in information processing associated with the presence or absence of insight. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices.b. >> Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice targetc. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. /F4 6 0 R Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. a. performance is better for the concrete task. The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if A ______ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. How re-representing a problem can lead to a solution. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. goalc. goal state.d. a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. d. mental sets. had received training in creative thinking.c. Examples of such tests are the Product improvement task and the Ununsual uses tests. d. object with a specific function. noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. The purpose of this experiment was to: Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. When a tsunami happens, and an oceanic and continental plate collide, which plate is pushed underneath? Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?a. Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for her family. c. low capacity for divergent thinking, Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they. The tuna swam away across the pond." d. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. By doing this, Dr. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. endobj Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem ifa. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. 12 0 obj the water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from: seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. /F6 8 0 R endobj /F3 5 0 R the means-end analysis, To reduce the likelihood of design fixation when completing a creative design task, you shoulda. Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? 17. /Type /Font She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. d. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice. /Name /F8 A syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. analogical encoding.b. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal, c. Has one and only correct or possible answer. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves. In studies such as Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987), when participants were presented with two sets of different predefined questions that were either Differences can also be attributed to other factors. endobj 40. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field, Take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. The application of a(n)______ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. emotional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n). She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. d. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. insight is when a problem cannot be solved using conventional methods (Metcalfe & Wiebe, 1987) and the problem solver realizes . endobj exemplard. << Russian marriage, Dr. Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems insight.d. Continuing to take the street to the north represents ___________. of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Continuing to take the street to the north represents, Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the. observing people to see how they solve problems in the real world is called ________. c. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. a. representation and restructuring. to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. c. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases. Goal is to tie two strings together which are too far apart to be reached. c. structural features. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problemsd. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. the box is empty.d. has a correct answer. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. The purpose of this experiment was toa. c. experimental groups and control groups. Some were measures of a kind of interpretive problem called "divergent thinking," or the capacity to concoct many responses to a problem. 15 0 obj operators.c. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her, Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?a. Kaplan & simon's exp., presented diff. sensory operators.d. With the cartons, Ali made several bird feeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. >> >> Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem thea. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involvesa. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state.c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.b. of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. The "creative cognition" approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects, is an example of, PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding 16 0 R c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? /F8 10 0 R c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. The purpose of this experiment was to A) demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. 17 0 obj <> endobj Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, The Three Types Of Creativity And Artificial Intelligence, Guilford's Model Of Creativity Research Essay, Obstacles That Get In The Way Of Problem-Solving And Decision-Making. d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations and there is evidence about how the earth turns on its axis. Participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time. /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /F7 9 0 R The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems bread and butter, Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.v. prototype, Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?a. source; targetb. stationaryb. /Encoding 16 0 R d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. means-end analysis.c. as a school of thought in Germany, about the same time, Studied chimpanzee behavior on the island of Tenerife of the Canary Islands off Africas. EXPERIMENT 1 Method Subjects. The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.a. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _______prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweightb. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. %PDF-1.4 Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because. had been pre-selected as "creative" indi, In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ______ condition.a. creative cognition.c.